The transition of a substance directly from the solid to the gas phase without passing through a liquid phase.

The elements in group 1, for example, all have one outer-shell electron although they differ in their inner shell structures. Mendeleev became a professor at the Saint Petersburg Technological Institute and Saint Petersburg State University in 1864, [26] and 1865, respectively. In 1865, he became a Doctor of Science for his dissertation "On the Combinations of Water with Alcohol". He achieved tenure in 1867 at St. Petersburg University and started to teach inorganic chemistry while succeeding Voskresenskii to this post; [26] by 1871, he had transformed Saint Petersburg into an internationally recognized center for chemistry research. Mendeleev studied petroleum origin and concluded hydrocarbons are abiogenic and form deep within the earth – see Abiogenic petroleum origin. Glasses formed by the elements of group 16 (S, Se, Te) together with elements of group 14 and 15 (Ge, Sn, P, As, Sb) belong to the class of chalcogenide glasses. These glasses have ultrahigh transparency in the IR range (up to 25 microns), which determines their use as IR imaging devices in new generation thermal imagers, optical sensors for IR spectroscopy and active elements of fiber CO 2 lasers ( Hubert et al., 2011). Glass Technology Services Ltd provides analysis, consultancy, testing and research and development support to all parts of the glass supply chain – from raw materials to the end consumer. The experts in glass pride themselves on their reputation, confidentiality and impartiality and are accredited to ISO 9001 and ISO/IEC 17025 standards.He wrote: "The capital fact to note is that petroleum was born in the depths of the earth, and it is only there that we must seek its origin." (Dmitri Mendeleev, 1877) [57] Activities beyond chemistry In 1876, he became obsessed [ citation needed] with Anna Ivanova Popova and began courting her; in 1881 he proposed to her and threatened suicide if she refused. His divorce from Leshcheva was finalized one month after he had married Popova (on 2 April) [51] in early 1882. Even after the divorce, Mendeleev was technically a bigamist; the Russian Orthodox Church required at least seven years before lawful remarriage. His divorce and the surrounding controversy contributed to his failure to be admitted to the Russian Academy of Sciences (despite his international fame by that time). His daughter from his second marriage, Lyubov, became the wife of the famous Russian poet Alexander Blok. His other children were son Vladimir (a sailor, he took part in the notable Eastern journey of NicholasII) and daughter Olga, from his first marriage to Feozva, and son Ivan and twins from Anna. Dmitri Mendeleev is often referred to as the Father of the Periodic Table. He called his table or matrix, "the Periodic System". [50] Later life Dmitri Mendeleev in 1890 Dmitri Mendeleev's second wife, Anna Between 1859 and 1861, he worked on the capillarity of liquids and the workings of the spectroscope in Heidelberg. Later in 1861, he published a textbook named Organic Chemistry. [26] This won him the Demidov Prize of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences. [26]

In another department of physical chemistry, he investigated the expansion of liquids with heat, and devised a formula similar to Gay-Lussac's law of the uniformity of the expansion of gases, while in 1861 he anticipated Thomas Andrews' conception of the critical temperature of gases by defining the absolute boiling-point of a substance as the temperature at which cohesion and heat of vaporization become equal to zero and the liquid changes to vapor, irrespective of the pressure and volume. [52] The percentage of the world reserves located in the country with the largest reserves. The higher the value, the larger risk there is to supply.Nye, Mary Jo (2016). "Speaking in Tongues: Science's centuries-long hunt for a common language". Distillations. 2 (1): 40–43 . Retrieved 22 March 2018. Loren R. Graham, Science in Russia and the Soviet Union: A Short History, Cambridge University Press (1993), p. 45

a b c Evseev, Anton (21 November 2011). "Dmitry Mendeleev and 40 degrees of Russian vodka". Science. Moscow: English Pravda.ru . Retrieved 6 July 2014. The atomic weight of an element may sometimes be amended by a knowledge of those of its contiguous elements. Thus the atomic weight of tellurium must lie between 123 and 126, and cannot be 128. (Tellurium's atomic weight is 127.6, and Mendeleev was incorrect in his assumption that atomic weight must increase with position within a period.)When atomic number succeeded atomic weight, the triads that had only been approximate, became exact. The occurrence of triads became explained as the consequence of the twinning of period lengths that occurs in the periodic table. Apart from the exceptional first very short period of two elements, the next period of eight repeats then the period of eighteen repeats and then the period of thirty-two repeats. A very popular Russian story credits Mendeleev with setting the 40% standard strength of vodka. For example, Russian Standard vodka advertises: "In 1894, Dmitri Mendeleev, the greatest scientist in all Russia, received the decree to set the Imperial quality standard for Russian vodka and the 'Russian Standard' was born" [65] Others cite "the highest quality of Russian vodka approved by the royal government commission headed by Mendeleev in 1894". [66] He invented pyrocollodion, a kind of smokeless powder based on nitrocellulose. This work had been commissioned by the Russian Navy, which however did not adopt its use. In 1892 Mendeleev organized its manufacture. In Saint Petersburg his name was given to D. I. Mendeleev Institute for Metrology, the National Metrology Institute, [68] dealing with establishing and supporting national and worldwide standards for precise measurements. Next to it there is a monument to him that consists of his sitting statue and a depiction of his periodic table on the wall of the establishment. Ballato J., Dragic P. (2016). Glass: the carrier of light - a brief history of optical fiber. Int. J. Appl. Glass Sci. 7, 413–422. 10.1111/ijag.12239 [ CrossRef] [ Google Scholar]