In Rabbinical Judaism, among orthodox leaders, a position, beginning before Israel became a modern state, has been that for women to hold public office in Israel would threaten the state's existence, according to educator Tova Hartman, [290] who reports the view has "wide consensus". [291] When Israel ratified the international women's equality agreement known as CEDAW, according to Marsha Freeman, it reserved nonenforcement for any religious communities that forbid women from sitting on religious courts. [292] According to Freeman, "the tribunals that adjudicate marital issues are by religious law and by custom entirely male." [293] "'Men's superiority' is a fundamental tenet in Judaism", according to Irit Umanit. [294] According to Freeman, Likud party-led "governments have been less than hospitable to women's high-level participation." [295] Auerbach, Nina, Communities of Women: An Idea in Fiction (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1978 ( ISBN 0-674-15168-2)), p.186. A minority of feminists, generally radical, [145] [146] have argued that women should govern societies of women and men. In all of these advocacies, the governing women are not limited to mothers: Imagining and identifying with Female Supremacy empowers me to reverse my energy from anger and suffering towards the celebration and pursuit of female interests and benefits.

Farley (1984), p.238 and see Baruch, Elaine Hoffman, Introduction, in Pt. Four ( Visions of Utopia), in Rohrlich (1984), p.205. Starhawk, in The Fifth Sacred Thing (1993), fiction, wrote of "a utopia where women are leading societies but are doing so with the consent of men." [170] Starhawk, Dreaming the Dark: Magic, Sex, and Politics (Boston, Mass.: Beacon Press, 15th Anniversary ed. 1997 (original 1982) ( ISBN 0-8070-1037-5)), ch.1 (original 1982 ed. cited in Eller (1991), p.287). For a review of the conferences, esp. that of 2005, by a participant, see Mukhim, Patricia, Khasi Matriliny Has Many Parallels, October 15, 2005, as accessed February 6, 2011 (also published in The Statesman (India), October 15, 2005). The Cambridge Ancient History (1975) [65] stated that "the predominance of a supreme goddess is probably a reflection from the practice of matriarchy which at all times characterized Elamite civilization to a greater or lesser degree, before this practice was overthrown by the patriarchy". [f] Europe [ edit ]Franklin, Kris, & Sara E. Chinn, Lesbians, Legal Theory and Other Superheroes, in Review of Law & Social Change, vol. XXV, 1999, pp.310–311, as accessed (at a prior URL) October 21, 2010 (citing in n.45 Lesbian Nation, p.15).

Rasa von Werder has also long advocated for a return to matriarchy, a restoration of its status before its overthrow by patriarchy, along with associated author William Bond as well. [194]a b Johnston, Jill, Lesbian Nation: The Feminist Solution (N.Y.: Simon & Schuster, 1973 (SBN (not ISBN) 671-21433-0)), p.248 and see pp.248–249.

Imagine the rituals, practices, timescales, sacred texts, that will realize and reproduce these feminine values. I am assured that God hath reueled to some in this our age, that it is more then a monstre in nature, that a woman shall reigne and haue empire aboue man." [303] The Iroquois Confederacy or League, combining five to six Native American Haudenosaunee nations or tribes before the U.S. became a nation, operated by The Great Binding Law of Peace, a constitution by which women participated in the League's political decision-making, including deciding whether to proceed to war, [96] through what may have been a matriarchy [97] or gyneocracy. [98] According to Doug George-Kanentiio, in this society, mothers exercise central moral and political roles. [99] The dates of this constitution's operation are unknown; the League was formed in approximately 1000–1450, but the constitution was oral until written in about 1880. [100] The League still exists.Bamberger, Joan, The Myth of Matriarchy: Why Men Rule in primitive society, in M. Rosaldo & L. Lamphere, Women, Culture, and Society (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1974), p.263. Tacitus claimed in his book Germania that in "the nations of the Sitones woman is the ruling sex." [66] [g]