a b Frans, Veronica F.; Augé, Amélie A.; Edelhoff, Hendrik; Erasmi, Stefan; Balkenhol, Niko; Engler, Jan O. (2018). "Quantifying apart what belongs together: A multi-state species distribution modelling framework for species using distinct habitats". Methods in Ecology and Evolution. 9 (1): 98–108. doi: 10.1111/2041-210X.12847. ISSN 2041-210X. S2CID 91050320.

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There are 33 species of pinnipeds alive today, most of which are known as seals. Pinnipedia is made up of three main groups: The walrus, which is the only living member of the family Odobenidae; the eared seals of Otariidae, including numerous kinds of fur seal and sea lion; and the earless seals, known as true seals or Phocidae. Despite the name, earless seals have ears—they’re just hidden beneath the surface of their skin.

Ribbon seals are known to be tolerant of people and boats. This suggests that the species experiences less predation than other seal species. Species that are known to predate ribbon seals include great white sharks and killer whales. Elias, J. S. (2007). Science Terms Made Easy: A Lexicon of Scientific Words and Their Root Language Origins. Greenwood Publishing Group. p.157. ISBN 978-0-313-33896-0. Thomas, J. A.; Terhune, J. "Weddell seal Leptonychotes weddellii" in Perrin, Würsig & Thewissen 2009, pp.1217–1219 Terhune, J. M.; Healey, S. R.; Burton, H. R. (2001). "Easily measured call attributes can detect vocal differences between Weddell seals from two areas". Bioacoustics. 11 (3): 211–22. doi: 10.1080/09524622.2001.9753463. S2CID 84353769.

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For instance, leopard seals make a living hunting down penguins and even other seals. And walruses survive on a diet of clams and other shellfish, which they detect with their highly sensitive whiskers and then suction up from the seafloor with their powerful mouths. History of Animals, book II, part 1 (498a31–498b4) and book VI, part 12 (566b27–567a14), and elsewhere in his works. [160] In a match-to-sample task study, a single California sea lion was able to demonstrate an understanding of symmetry, transitivity and equivalence; a second seal was unable to complete the tasks. [152] They demonstrate the ability to understand simple syntax and commands when taught an artificial sign language, though they only rarely used the signs semantically or logically. [153] In 2011, a captive California sea lion named Ronan was recorded bobbing its head in synchrony to musical rhythms. This "rhythmic entrainment" was previously seen only in humans, parrots and other birds possessing vocal mimicry. [154] Adult male elephant seals appear to memorize both the rhythm and timbre of their rivals' calls. [155] In 1971, a captive harbor seal named Hoover was trained to imitate human words, phrases and laughter. [156]Forcada, Jaume; Trathan, P. N.; Reid, K.; Murphy, E. J. (2005). "The Effects of Global Climate Variability in Pup Production of Antarctic Fur Seals". Ecology. 86 (9): 2408–2417. doi: 10.1890/04-1153. ISSN 0012-9658. JSTOR 3451030. Walrus". Arctic Studies Center –. Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History . Retrieved 10 August 2013.

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However, climate change represents the single largest threat to many species of pinnipeds, especially those that rely on sea ice. Various species of Arctic seals rely on ice for breeding, for instance, while walruses use seasonal ice formations to forage for food farther from shore. ( Read how climate change is changing what leopard seals eat.)Odell, D. K. "The Fight to Mate: Breeding strategy of California sea lions" in MacDonald 2001, pp.172–173 Richardson, W. J.; Greene Jr, C. R.; Malme, C. I.; Thomson, D. H. (1995). Marine Mammals and Noise. New York, NY: Academic. Berta, Annalisa; Sumich, James L.; Kovacs, Kit M. (2006). Marine Mammals. Evolutionary Biology (2nded.). Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-088552-7. a b c d e Arnason, U.; Gullberg, A.; Janke, A.; Kullberg, M.; Lehman, N.; Petrov, E. A.; Väinölä, R. (2006). "Pinniped phylogeny and a new hypothesis for their origin and dispersal". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 41 (2): 345–54. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2006.05.022. PMID 16815048. The Caribbean monk seal has been killed and exploited by Europeans settlers and their descendants since 1494, starting with Christopher Columbus himself. The seals were easy targets for organized sealers, fishermen, turtle hunters and buccaneers because they evolved with little pressure from terrestrial predators and were thus " genetically tame". In the Bahamas, as many as 100 seals were slaughtered in one night. In the mid-nineteenth century, the species was thought to have gone extinct until a small colony was found near the Yucatán Peninsula in 1886. Seal killings continued, and the last reliable report of the animal alive was in 1952. The IUCN declared it extinct in 1996. [176] The Japanese sea lion was common around the Japanese islands, but overexploitation and competition from fisheries drastically decreased the population in the 1930s. The last recorded individual was a juvenile in 1974. [177] Conservation issues [ edit ]

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Mating season means different things for different pinniped species. For some, it means hauling out of the sea in massive rookeries on shore, while for others it can mean finding a sturdy ice floe. Denison, D.M.; Kooyman, G.L. (1973). "Structure and function of small airways in pinniped and sea otter lungs". Respiration Physiology. 17 (1): 1–10. doi: 10.1016/0034-5687(73)90105-9. PMID 4688284. Miller, N. J.; Postle, A. D.; Orgeig, S.; Koster, G.; Daniels, C. B. (2006b). "The composition of pulmonary surfactant from diving mammals". Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology. 152 (2): 152–68. doi: 10.1016/j.resp.2005.08.001. PMID 16140043. S2CID 23633245. Groups comprising a male, female and cub are often seen on the ice during the breeding season. During the three to six weeks that the pup is being fed, the male is highly protective of the female. Route to market for medical devices Quality and Regulatory getting you market ready PolarSeal equips you with everything you need to take your medical deviceJohnson, W. M.; Karamanlidis, A. A.; Dendrinos, P.; de Larrinoa, P. F.; Gazo, M.; González, L. M.; Güçlüsoy, H.; Pires, R.; Schnellmann, M. "Monk Seal Fact Files". monachus-guardian.org . Retrieved 9 September 2013. Cook, F.; Rouse, A.; Wilson, M.; Reichmuth, M. (2013). "A California sea lion ( Zalophus californianus) can keep the beat: Motor entrainment to rhythmic auditory stimuli in a non vocal mimic". Journal of Comparative Psychology. 127 (4): 412–427. doi: 10.1037/a0032345. PMID 23544769. S2CID 34580113. While there are many differences among the species, all seals have feet shaped like fins. In fact, the word pinniped means "fin-footed" in Latin. Those fin-shaped feet make them supreme swimmers, and all pinnipeds are considered semi-aquatic marine mammals. This means they must spend some part of their lives on land or sea ice, usually during the mating and birthing seasons. Blix, Arnoldus Schytte (15 June 2018). "Adaptations to deep and prolonged diving in phocid seals" (PDF). The Journal of Experimental Biology. 221 (12): jeb182972. doi: 10.1242/jeb.182972. PMID 29934417. S2CID 49387480. The ancestors of the Otarioidea and Phocoidea diverged 33mya. [20] Phocids are known to have existed for at least 15million years, [14] and molecular evidence supports a divergence of the Monachinae and Phocinae lineages 22mya. [17] The fossil monachine Monotherium and phocine Leptophoca were found in southeastern North America. The deep split between the lineages of Erignathus and Cystophora 17mya suggests that the phocines migrated eastward and northward from the North Atlantic. The genera Phoca and Pusa could have arisen when a phocine lineage traveled from the Paratethys Sea to the Arctic Basin and subsequently went eastward. The ancestor of the Baikal seal migrated into Lake Baikal from the Arctic (via the Siberian ice sheet) and became isolated there. The Caspian seal's ancestor became isolated as the Paratethys shrank, leaving the animal in a small remnant sea, the Caspian Sea. [14] The monochines diversified southward. Monachus emerged in the Mediterranean and migrated to the Caribbean and then the central North Pacific. [25] The two extant elephant seal species diverged close to 4mya after the Panamanian isthmus was formed. [17] The lobodontine lineage emerged around 9mya and colonized the southern ocean in response to glaciation. [25] Reconstruction of Archaeodobenus akamatsui family Odobenidae