a b c d e f g h Paquet, P.; Carbyn, L. W. (2003). "Ch23: Gray wolf Canis lupus and allies". In Feldhamer, G. A.; Thompson, B. C.; Chapman, J. A. (eds.). Wild Mammals of North America: Biology, Management, and Conservation (2ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp.482–510. ISBN 0-8018-7416-5. [ permanent dead link]

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Bison Bellows: Indigenous Hunting Practices". National Park Service. 6 November 2016 . Retrieved 8 September 2020. Most wolves are classified according to where they live and the type of vegetation that surrounds them. The coats, habitats, and classifications are all linked and habitat. Wolf ClassificationBerlo, Janet Catherine; etal. (1998). Native paths: American Indian art from the collection of Charles and Valerie Diker . New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 9780870998560. Main article: Canid hybrid Wolf–dog hybrids in the wild animal park at Kadzidłowo, Poland. Left: product of a male wolf and a female spaniel; right: from a female wolf and a male West Siberian Laika

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History [ edit ] Bison hunt under the wolf-skin mask, George Catlin, c. 1832 Early Native American tribal territories color-coded by linguistic group The half-buried wall of arches made for a unique camping spot. My guide informed me that it was once part of an ancient elven arena, although nothing in the histories I read mentioned anything of the sort on the plains. Further information: Origin of the domestic dog Life restoration of Canis mosbachensis, the wolf's immediate ancestora b c d Tomiya, Susumu; Meachen, Julie A (2018). "Postcranial diversity and recent ecomorphic impoverishment of North American gray wolves". Biology Letters. 14 (1): 20170613. doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2017.0613. PMC 5803591. PMID 29343558. The first indisputable evidence of maize cultivation on the Great Plains is about 900 AD. [28] The earliest farmers, the Southern Plains villagers were probably Caddoan speakers, the ancestors of the Wichita, Pawnee, and Arikara of today. Plains farmers developed short-season and drought resistant varieties of food plants. They did not use irrigation but were adept at water harvesting and siting their fields to receive the maximum benefit of limited rainfall. The Hidatsa and Mandan of North Dakota cultivated maize at the northern limit of its range. [29] Another look at wolf taxonomy Nowak, R.M. 1995. Pp. 375–397 in L.N. Carbyn, S.H. Fritts and D.R. Seip, eds. Populations of Bhutan, India, Nepal, and Pakistan are included in Appendix I. Excludes domesticated form and dingo, which are referenced as Canus lupus familiaris and Canus lupus dingo. a b "Status of large carnivore populations in Europe 2012–2016". European Commission. Archived from the original on September 2, 2019 . Retrieved September 2, 2019.

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a b c Wishart, David J. "Native American Gender Roles." Encyclopedia of the Great Plains. Retrieved 15 Oct 2013.

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a b Freedman, Adam H.; Gronau, Ilan; Schweizer, Rena M.; Ortega-Del Vecchyo, Diego; Han, Eunjung; etal. (2014). "Genome Sequencing Highlights the Dynamic Early History of Dogs". PLOS Genetics. 10 (1). e1004016. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004016. PMC 3894170. PMID 24453982. The Lakota, also called Teton Sioux, enjoyed the happy medium between North and South and became a dominant Plains tribe by the mid-19th century. They had relatively small horse herds, thus having less impact on their ecosystem. At the same time, they occupied the heart of prime bison range which was also an excellent region for furs, which could be sold to French and American traders for goods such as guns. The Lakota became a highly powerful Plains tribe. [15] Slaughter of the bison [ edit ] This map of the extermination of bison to 1889 is based on William Temple Hornaday's late-nineteenth-century research. Eccles, W. J. (1994), "The Preemptive Conquest, 1749–1763", in Francis, R. Douglas; Smith, Donald B. (eds.), Readings in Canadian History: Pre-Confederation (4thed.), Toronto: Harcourt Brace and Company, p.180