The adverse effects of penthiopyrad on behavior were described by Qian et al. [ 21]. The data showed that embryos exposed to penthiopyrad at 0.83 µM for 8 days showed markedly reduced swimming velocity, acceleration speed, distance moved, and inactive time.

Grimmer MK, van den Bosch F, Powers SJ, Paveley ND (2015) Fungicide resistance risk assessment based on traits associated with the rate of pathogen evolution. Pest Manag Sci 71:207–215 Ascra excels for grower convenience, with wide dose flexibility, excellent return on investment, label approval for use in wheat and barley, our proven Leafshield formulation, and a ratio of prothioconazole, bixafen and fluopyram to meet FRAC guidelines. A. Because Bayer, for example, has spent millions developing a formulation, which it says is crucial to obtaining the benefits from the product. It has coined the name “Leafshield” to describe the formulation, which contains three specifically designed adjuvants to optimise performance. 80% of the components in the formulation have been invented by Bayer, the firm’s Alison Daniels says. Li et al. [ 26] investigated the adverse effects induced by low doses of fluxapyroxad on zebrafish embryos. The results showed that exposure to a low dose of this SDHI (1 µM) for 48 h caused an increased rate of malformations and a reduced hatching rate. A higher concentration of fluxapyroxad (4 µM) induced significantly decreased pigmentation and blood clotting clustering in 48 hpf embryos. Fluxapyroxad at 1 µM also significantly increased the expression of the ectoderm marker gene foxb1a, while it decreased that of the neuronal marker genes crx and NeuroD. Higher concentrations decreased the expression levels of the gh (2 µM) and nkx2.4b genes (4 µM). Lastly, a non-significant increase in SOD and CAT activities and malonaldehyde (MDA) content in all treatment groups and an increase in glutathione (GSH) in embryos exposed to 2 and 4 µM fluxapyroxad were observed, suggesting that this SDHI induced oxidative stress. Further work is needed to characterize the effect of fluxapyroxad on oxidative stress.

Acknowledgments

These population shifts aren’t unique to Septoria. The same applies to all wheat and barley disease pathogens, which is why the partnership with prothioconazole is also important. Whether you’re a feed wheat grower pushing for yield, or a milling wheat grower looking to achieve contract specifications on quality (and achieve good yields), an effective T3 (ear) fungicide spray is key.

Azole performance has declined over recent seasons, but the degree varies between azole groups. Prothioconazole performance against Septoria has reduced, but not as sharply as other azole classes. Against yellow rust, the stem-based complex and Fusaria prothioconazole is still highly effective. In barley prothioconazole is still the cornerstone of disease control programmes.

Ultimately, the weather will play a big role in determining late season disease pressures. Typically, warmer weather causes diseases to cycle faster and also favours brown rust. Wet conditions will favour late season Septoria tritici and Septoria nodorum pressure as well as Fusarium. Syngenta also puts a lot of store in its formulation and, what it terms, the double-binding characteristics of isopyrazam. With the right card reader, the Professional High-Speed version of the Ultima Pro can be a serious speed demon. With Integral’s own high-speed card reader, we were disappointed with its 99MB/sec and 88MB/sec sequential read/write speeds, but in a third-party high-speed reader, we saw read performance leap to 173MB/sec, with sequential write speeds of 139MB/sec. That write speed is the fastest we’ve seen from a UHS-I card.