Gentzkow, Matthew; Shapiro, Jesse M. (November 2011). "Ideological Segregation Online and Offline *". The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 126 (4): 1799–1839. doi: 10.1093/qje/qjr044. ISSN 0033-5533.

The Clinton–Lewinsky scandal reporting was chronicled in Time magazine's 16 February 1998 "Trial by Leaks" cover story [45] "The Press And The Dress: The anatomy of a salacious leak, and how it ricocheted around the walls of the media echo chamber" by Adam Cohen. [46] This case was also reviewed in depth by the Project for Excellence in Journalism in "The Clinton/Lewinsky Story: How Accurate? How Fair?" [47] Even in the United States, researchers have long found that echo chambers are smaller and less prevalent than commonly assumed. Gentzkow and Shapiro (2011, p. 1831) observe that “internet news consumers with homogeneous news diets are rare,” and Garrett (2013, p. 248) similarly argues that the notion that large numbers of people are cocooned in pure ideological news echo chambers, cut off from other points of view, is exaggerated and wrong. A growing body of research has also sought to better understand the dynamics of public discussions around science online. Much of this work is not concerned with echo chambers, filter bubbles, and polarisation as defined here, but it can help us understand some of the ways in which digital media are used to discuss science. There is also some work on media, including media reporting about polarisation. US studies find that exposure to like-minded partisan media under experimental conditions can strengthen the views of already partisan individuals (Levendusky 2013). Panel survey work, which measures the same people's media use and attitudes at different points in time, has also found that using like-minded partisan media in the US can increase anger toward the ‘other side’ and make people more willing to share political information on social media (Hasell and Weeks 2016). At the same time, cross-cutting exposure, at least on social media, also seems to be able to increase polarisation, at least among political partisans (Bail et al. 2018). Dahlgren, Peter M. (2020). Media Echo Chambers: Selective Exposure and Confirmation Bias in Media Use, and its Consequences for Political Polarization. Gothenburg: University of Gothenburg. ISBN 978-91-88212-95-5.

The Echo Chamber

Fletcher, R., & Nielsen, R. K. (2018a). Are people incidentally exposed to news on social media? A comparative analysis. New Media & Society, 20(7), 2450– 2468. Adams, J., Green, J., & Milazzo, C. (2012b). Who moves? Elite and mass-level depolarization in Britain, 1987–2001. Electoral Studies, 31(4), 643–655. Furthermore, experimental work finds that exposing people to media coverage about political polarisation may in itself increase perceptions of polarisation and contribute to increased dislike for the opposition (Levendusky and Malhotra 2016). Mutz, Diana C. (March 2001). "Facilitating Communication across Lines of Political Difference: The Role of Mass Media". American Political Science Review. 95 (1): 97–114. doi: 10.1017/s0003055401000223. ISSN 0003-0554. S2CID 6185156. Boxell, L., Gentzkow, M., & Shapiro, J. (2020). Cross-country trends in affective polarization. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.

Americans, Politics and Social Media". Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech. 25 October 2016 . Retrieved 12 June 2020. The result is a rather striking parallel to the techniques of emotional isolation typically practised in cult indoctrination. According to mental-health specialists in cult recovery, including Margaret Singer, Michael Langone and Robert Lifton, cult indoctrination involves new cult members being brought to distrust all non-cult members. This provides a social buffer against any attempts to extract the indoctrinated person from the cult. Castro-Herrero, L., Nir, L., & Skovsgaard, M. (2018). Bridging gaps in cross-cutting media exposure: The role of public service broadcasting. Political Communication, 35(4), 542–565. Politically partisan online news echo chambers are generally small – much smaller than is often assumed in public and policy debate.Barberá, P. (2015). How social media reduces mass political polarization. Evidence from Germany, Spain, and the US. Unpublished manuscript. Gray, Peter; Johnson, Steven L.; Kitchens, Brent (December 2020). "Understanding Echo Chambers and Filter Bubbles: The Impact of Social Media On Diversification and Partisan Shifts in News Consumption". MIS Quarterly. 44 (4): 1619–1649. doi: 10.25300/MISQ/2020/16371. ISSN 0276-7783. S2CID 229294134. Implications of echo chambers [ edit ] Online communities [ edit ] Social network diagram displaying users forming separate, distinct clusters Ulen, Thomas S. (2001). "Democracy and the Internet: Cass R. Sunstein, Republic.Com. Princeton, NJ. Princeton University Press. Pp. 224. 2001". SSRN Working Paper Series. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.286293. ISSN 1556-5068. How self-selection driven by forms of opinion other than political ones operate and how self-selection based on partisanship and/or interest shapes engagement with news and information around science.