Schmidt B, Roberts RS, Davis P, Doyle LW, Barrington KJ, Ohlsson A, Solimano A, Tin W (May 2006). "Caffeine therapy for apnea of prematurity". The New England Journal of Medicine. 354 (20): 2112–21. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa054065. PMID 16707748. S2CID 22587234. Archived from the original on 22 April 2020 . Retrieved 19 September 2018.

What It Does: The #longhair Nutri-Caffeine Shampoo blends its Nutri-Caffeine Complex (caffeine, zinc and niacin) with biotin, calcium, magnesium and cashmere (hydrolyzed keratin) to nourish and strengthen long hair Faudone G, Arifi S, Merk D (June 2021). "The Medicinal Chemistry of Caffeine". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 64 (11): 7156–7178. doi: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00261. PMID 34019396. S2CID 235094871. a b c Burchfield G (1997). Meredith H (ed.). "What's your poison: caffeine". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 26 July 2009 . Retrieved 15 January 2014.He nodded gravely. “That’s really not good, all those interruptions. Sleep quality is just as important as sleep quantity.” The interruptions were undermining the amount of “deep” or “slow wave” sleep I was getting, something above and beyond the REM sleep I had always thought was the measure of a good night’s rest. But it seems that deep sleep is just as important to our health, and the amount we get tends to decline with age. Interestingly, consuming decaffeinated coffee was also linked to a 21% lower risk of diabetes. This indicates that other beneficial compounds in coffee can also protect against type 2 diabetes ( 36). Summary According to DSST, alcohol causes a decrease in performance on their standardized tests, and caffeine causes a significant improvement. [153] When alcohol and caffeine are consumed jointly, the effects of the caffeine are changed, but the alcohol effects remain the same. [154] For example, consuming additional caffeine does not reduce the effect of alcohol. [154] However, the jitteriness and alertness given by caffeine is decreased when additional alcohol is consumed. [154] Alcohol consumption alone reduces both inhibitory and activational aspects of behavioral control. Caffeine antagonizes the activational aspect of behavioral control, but has no effect on the inhibitory behavioral control. [155] The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend avoidance of concomitant consumption of alcohol and caffeine, as taking them together may lead to increased alcohol consumption, with a higher risk of alcohol-associated injury.

a b "Caffeine". ChemSpider. Royal Society of Chemistry. Archived from the original on 14 May 2019 . Retrieved 16 October 2014. Experimental Melting Point:Caffeine can also interact with other stimulants such as cocaine and methamphetamine. It can increase your risk of problems such as an abnormal health rate or heart rhythm. How can I reduce my caffeine intake? A systematic review and meta-analysis from 2014 found that concurrent caffeine and L-theanine use has synergistic psychoactive effects that promote alertness, attention, and task switching; [57] these effects are most pronounced during the first hour post-dose. [57] Physical performance

Pure anhydrous caffeine is a bitter-tasting, white, odorless powder with a melting point of 235–238°C. [10] [11] Caffeine is moderately soluble in water at room temperature (2g/100 mL), but very soluble in boiling water (66g/100 mL). [193] It is also moderately soluble in ethanol (1.5g/100 mL). [193] It is weakly basic (pK a of conjugate acid = ~0.6) requiring strong acid to protonate it. [194] Caffeine does not contain any stereogenic centers [195] and hence is classified as an achiral molecule. [196]

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A study found that a second cup of coffee produced no further benefits unless it was consumed at least 8 hours after the first cup ( 9). Gut health. Consuming 3 cups of coffee a day for as few as 3 weeks may increase the amount and activity of beneficial gut bacteria ( 52). If you are pregnant or breastfeeding, it’s a good idea to limit your intake of caffeine to 200mg per day. That is 1 espresso, or 2 instant coffees or 4 cups of tea.

One review reports that after participants ingested 37.5–450 mg of caffeine, they had improved alertness, short-term recall, and reaction time ( 1). Grosso G, et al. Coffee, caffeine, and health outcomes: An umbrella review. Annual Review of Nutrition. 2019; doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-071816-064941. Gout prevention. Regularly drinking 4 cups of coffee per day may reduce the risk of developing gout by 40% in men and 57% in women ( 50, 51). It’s hard to imagine that the sort of political, cultural and intellectual ferment that bubbled up in the coffeehouses of both France and England in the 17th century would ever have developed in a tavern. The kind of magical thinking that alcohol sponsored in the medieval mind began to yield to a new spirit of rationalism and, a bit later, Enlightenment thinking. French historian Jules Michelet wrote: “Coffee, the sober drink, the mighty nourishment of the brain, which unlike other spirits, heightens purity and lucidity; coffee, which clears the clouds of the imagination and their gloomy weight; which illumines the reality of things suddenly with the flash of truth.” In 1895, German chemist Hermann Emil Fischer (1852–1919) first synthesized caffeine from its chemical components (i.e. a " total synthesis"), and two years later, he also derived the structural formula of the compound. [267] This was part of the work for which Fischer was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1902. [268] Historic regulationsPeople with existing medical conditions, such as high blood pressure, may be more sensitive to caffeine. This can make a normal amount of caffeine more dangerous. If you have an existing medical condition, it’s a good idea to eat or drink less caffeine. a b American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (August 2010). "ACOG CommitteeOpinion No. 462: Moderate caffeine consumption during pregnancy". Obstetrics and Gynecology. 116 (2 Pt 1): 467–8. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181eeb2a1. PMID 20664420. Caballero B, Finglas P, Toldra F (2015). Encyclopedia of Food and Health. Elsevier Science. p.561. ISBN 978-0-12-384953-3 . Retrieved 17 June 2018. Funk GD (November 2009). "Losing sleep over the caffeination of prematurity". The Journal of Physiology. 587 (Pt 22): 5299–300. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2009.182303. PMC 2793860. PMID 19915211.