Nogawa K, and Kido T. 1996 Itai-itai disease and health effects of cadmium. In: Chang LW, ed. Toxicology of metals.NewYork: CRC; 353–369. A total of 9446 participants (4289 men, 5157 women) in the first stage of the health impact survey in Toyama, conducted by the Ministry of Environment between 1979 and 1984, were targeted in the 26-year follow-up survey (the primary cohort study). This included 97.6% of all inhabitants aged≥50 years. 16 Participants in the health impact survey included residents who lived in the Cd-polluted Jinzu River basin (3363 men, 3985 women, 7348 total) and controls from non-polluted areas in the same prefecture (926 men, 1172 women, 2098 total). In the health impact survey, information regarding residency, smoking and drinking habits and history of diseases, including hypertension and Itai-itai disease, were obtained using a structured questionnaire. 17 Moriguchi J, Ezaki T, Tsukahara T, Fukui Y, Ukai H, Okamoto S, Shimbo S, Sakurai H, Ikeda M. Effects of aging on cadmium and tubular dysfunction markers in urine from adult women in non-polluted areas. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2005;78:446–51. Fleshy citrus jumps to the fore on the nose, with the sake bringing an underlying sweetness. The cherry blossom carries a distinct floral note, but there’s a subtle juniper underpinning it all. Teeyakasem W, Nishijo M, Honda R, Satarug S, Swaddiwudhipong W, Ruangyuttikarn W (2007) Monitoring of cadmium toxicity in a Thai population with high-level environmental exposure. Toxicol Lett 169:185–195

Aoshima K. Itai-itai disease: lessons from the investigations of environmental epidemiology conducted in the 1970’s, with special reference to the studies of the Toyama Institute of Health. Jpn J Hyg. 2017;72:149–58. (in Japanese with English abstract)In previous studies of residents in Cd-polluted areas, identified thecauses of deaths contributing to increased mortality were renal diseases, 9–11 stroke 10–13 and cancer. 14 Increased cancer mortality is a significant research interest, because Cd and its compounds are classified as human carcinogens by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). 15 16 However, in Japanese cohort studies in the Cd-polluted Kakehashi River basin, no increased cancer mortality risk has been reported, with the exception of increased cancer mortality during the first 5-year observational period in women with renal tubular dysfunction. 10 11 13 Recently, we conducted a 26-year follow-up of residents aged≥50 years in the Jinzu River basin, an endemic area of Itai-itai disease, and non-polluted areas in Toyama Prefecture, who participated in the first stage of health impact survey conducted by the Ministry of Environment in Japan to screen people at a risk of Itai-itai disease from 1976 to 1984. 17 After determining thecauses of death by successful data linkage with vital statistics data, we found that 267 women with renal tubular dysfunction in the Cd-polluted Jinzu River basin showed an increased mortality risk from cancer, ischaemic heart diseases and renal diseases compared with women in non-polluted areas. 18 Funding: This work was supported by grant for aids from Agency of Environment for Health effects due to Heavy Metal exposure 2009-12 and 2013-15. The funder has no role in: the study design; the collection, analysis or interpretation of data; the writing of the report or in the decision to submit the article for publication. Friberg L, Elinder CG, Kjellstrom T, Nordberg GF. Cadmium and health: a toxicological and epidemiological approach, vol. Vol 1, 2. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 1986.

Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of Japan. The status of cadmium concentrations in agricultural productions and intake of cadmium in Japan. http://www.maff.go.jp/j/syouan/nouan/kome/k_cd/jitai_sesyu/01_inv.html. Distilled from a blend of Scottish gin, this zesty tipple also features Junmai sake, which is perhaps what provides the silky finish and subtle sweetness. We liked it vey much, and immediately compared it to another B&L discovery, Roku which also includes the tartness of Yuzu peel as one of its botanicals. Jinzu smells like a typical London dry – offering juniper and lime – but with floral notes from the cherry and addition of Angelica root. The Coriander provides the finishing warmth, while the sake introduces an earthy element, which is surprisingly pleasant. Junmai is brewed using only rice, water, yeast, and koji — there are no other additives, such as sugar or alcohol. Fujigaki, Y. (2003). Senmon-chi to kokyo-sei: Kagaku-gijutsu-shakai ron no kouchiku ni mukete (in Japanese, The Public Ethic and the Spirit of Specialism). Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press.Sartor FA, Rondia DJ, Claeys FD, Staessen JA, Lauwerys RR, Bernard AM, Buchet JP, Roels HA, Bruaux PJ, Ducoffre GM, Lijnen PJ, Thijs LB, Amery AK. Impact of environmental cadmium pollution on cadmium exposure and body burden. Arch Environ Health. 1992;47:347–53. Han J, Wang S, Fan D, Guo Y, Liu C, Zhu Y (2019) Time-dependent hormetic response of soil alkaline phosphatase induced by Cd and the association with bacterial community composition. Microb Ecol 78:961–973